{"id":11492,"date":"2020-05-19T13:35:17","date_gmt":"2020-05-19T11:35:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dam.org\/wp\/?page_id=11492"},"modified":"2026-05-11T11:43:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T09:43:17","slug":"phase_1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/artists\/phase_1\/","title":{"rendered":"The Pioneering Years"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row equal_height=”” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ el_class=”experimental2″][vc_column width=”1\/4″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″][vc_custom_heading text=”The Pioneering Years” font_size=”22″ text_align=”left” font_weight=”700″ css_animation=”none”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

In the 1960s and 1970s, the first algorithmic drawings were created by mathematicians, engineers, and visual artists. They worked with mainframe computers in research institutions or even built their own machines. Their work was met with praise and rejection, while they contributed to shape the first debates on the use of computers in the visual arts.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”35px”][vc_column_text]

\n
\n
\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \"Manuel\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Manuel Barbadillo<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Manuel Barbadillo” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13979″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Barbadillo was the first Spanish artist who used a computer in his work. In 1968, he took part in the seminar on automatic generation of visual forms at the Centro de C\u00e1lculo de la Universidad de Madrid (CCUM), a pioneering computer lab....

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Peter\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Peter Beyls<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Peter Beyls” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13882″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Peter Beyls is a pioneering interdisciplinary artist in the field of generative art. His output includes machine drawings, interactive music systems, audiovisual installations and, more recently, robotic painting.   Website of Peter Beyls: www.peterbeyls.net[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_tab][vc_tab title=”Artworks” tab_id=”1589891935-1-30″ el_class=”tab2″][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”15819″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ onclick=”custom_link”...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Paul\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Paul Brown<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Paul Brown” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”12598″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Paul Brown was inspired to work with computers after visiting the exhibition Cybernetic Serendipity in 1968 and specialized in generative art in the late 1970s. He has participated in major shows and since 2015 has continued developing his artistic practice in collaboration...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Harold\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Harold Cohen<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row equal_height=”” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ el_class=”portfolio”][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Harold Cohen” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”12877″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Harold Cohen was a pioneer of computer-generated and Artificial Intelligence art. A successful artist, he started working with computers in 1968, upon his residency as a visiting professor in the Art Department at the University of California, San...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Charles\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Charles Csuri<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Charles Csuri” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13305″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]The father of digital art and computer animation, Charles Csuri began experimenting in computer animation in 1964 using the FORTRAN programming language. With a background in painting, he has devoted his career to exploring digital art and has directed groundbreaking research in...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"David\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n David Em<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”David Em” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13368″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]David Em is an electronic artist whose digital images predate personal computers. He created his first digital images in 1975 at Xerox\u2019s PARC and later joined NASA\u2019s JPL Graphics Lab, where he worked for twelve years. He continues to create digital images...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Herbert\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Herbert W. Franke<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Herbert W. Franke” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner content_placement=”default” width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13594″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ hover_effect=”opacity” opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Herbert W. Franke was a scientist, writer and artist who made major contributions to computer graphics and early digital art, both as an artist, theorist, and curator. In 1971 he wrote the first comprehensive history of computer art, Computergraphik-Computerkunst....

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Hiroshi\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Hiroshi Kawano<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Hiroshi Kawano” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13542″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Philosopher Hiroshi Kawano is a pioneer of computer-generated art who created his first algorithmic images in 1964 and wrote extensively about the application of computers to visual art and music. He devoted his life to researching computer-aided aesthetics and teaching at several...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Ken\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Ken Knowlton<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Ken Knowlton” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13320″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Ken Knowlton was a pioneer of computer animation. A computer scientist and engineer, he worked at Bell Labs from 1963 to 1982, where he developed the graphics programming languages BEFLIX, EXPLOR, ATOMS, and SPHERES. He collaborated with artists Stan Vanderbeek and Lillian...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Myron\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Myron Krueger<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Myron Krueger” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”14432″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Myron Krueger is considered a pioneer of interactive art and virtual reality. His interactive installation Videoplace, developed between 1974 and the late 1990s, introduced a groundbreaking form of human-computer interaction that has been deeply influential in the evolution of interactive art. Krueger...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Manfred\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Manfred Mohr<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row equal_height=”” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ el_class=”portfolio”][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Manfred Mohr” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”11413″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]A pioneer of digital art, Manfred Mohr programmed his first computer drawings in 1969, influenced by Max Bense\u2019s information aesthetics and encouraged by the computer music composer Pierre Barbaud. His successful artistic career spans over fifty years, with...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Vera\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Vera Molnar<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row equal_height=”” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ el_class=”portfolio”][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Vera Molnar” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”12157″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Vera Molnar was a pioneer of algorithmic art, whose work drew from constructivism and conceptual art, as well as cubism and other avant-garde movements, while developing her own form of geometric abstraction. She started developing combinatorial images in...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Frieder\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Frieder Nake<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row equal_height=”” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ el_class=”portfolio”][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Frieder Nake” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”12987″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Frieder Nake is one of the three pioneering artists who showed their work in the first exhibitions of computer art in 1965. In 1971 he decided not to produce any more computer art and focused on his teaching...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Georg\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Georg Nees<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Georg Nees” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”14319″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Georg Nees is one of the three pioneering artists who showed their work in the first exhibitions of computer art in 1965. A mathematician working at Siemens, he created his artworks in one of the first flatbed drawing machines and wrote the...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"A.\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n A. Michael Noll<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”A. Michael Noll” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13304″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]A. Michael Noll is one of the earliest pioneers of digital art. He created his first computer-generated artworks in 1962 while working at Bell Labs, and took part in one of the first exhibitions of digital art, at the Howard Wise...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Lillian\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Lillian F. Schwartz<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Lillian F. Schwartz” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13437″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Lillian F. Schwartz is a pioneer of computer-generated art. With a background in Fine Arts, she worked at Bell Labs between 1968 and 2001, contributing to groundbreaking research on computer graphics, video and 3D animation.   Website of Lillian F. Schwartz:...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Norman\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Norman White<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row equal_height=”” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ el_class=”portfolio”][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Norman White” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13895″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Norman White is a pioneer in electronic and robotic art. He created his first electronic work in 1969 at the exhibition Some More Beginnings, organised by E.A.T. at the Brooklyn Museum of Art. He has developed outstanding work...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n \"Edward\n
\n <\/a>\n
\n
\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/i><\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n
\n
\n Edward Zajec<\/a>\n <\/div>\n
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_tabs tabs_align=”center” css_animation=”fade-up” el_class=”tab”][vc_tab title=”Edward Zajec” tab_id=”1589893367311-4-6″ el_class=”artist_portfolio_name”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][vc_single_image image=”13316″ img_size=”full” full_width=”1″ opacity=”100″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text]Edward Zajec was a pioneer of computer-generated graphics. One of the few Italian artists in his generation to use computers in his artistic research, he started experimenting with computer graphics in 1968. In 1980, he established the computer graphics lab at Syracuse...

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/div>\n<\/div>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=”30px”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row equal_height=”” shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″ el_class=”experimental2″][vc_column width=”1\/4″ shift_x=”0″ shift_y=”0″ z_index=”0″][vc_custom_heading text=”The Pioneering Years” font_size=”22″ text_align=”left” font_weight=”700″ css_animation=”none”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text] In the 1960s and 1970s, the first algorithmic drawings were created by mathematicians, engineers, and visual artists. They worked with mainframe computers in research institutions or even built their own machines. Their work was met with praise and…<\/p>\n

Continue reading<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":11483,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-11492","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","4":"hentry","5":"entry","6":"clearfix","7":"entry-grid","8":"entry-columns-default","9":"entry-artists_ui-module-layout-standard","10":"thumbnail-color-tone-light","11":"metro-portrait","12":"entry-artists_ui","14":"entry-artists_ui-grid"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11492"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11492"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11492\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14408,"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11492\/revisions\/14408"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dam.org\/museum\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}